History of Indian Energy Sector

History of Indian Energy Sector [1]The power sector in India has undergone significant progress after Independence. When India became independent in 1947, the country had a power generating capacity of 1,362 MW.Hydro power and coal based thermal power have been the main sources of generating electricity. Generation and distribution of electrical power was carried out primarily by private utility companies. Notable amongst them and still in existence is Calcutta Electric. Power was available only in a few urban centres; rural areas and villages did not have electricity. After 1947, all new power generation, transmission and distribution in the rural sector and the urban centres (which was not served by private utilities) came under the purview of State and Central government agencies. State Electricity Boards (SEBs) were formed in all the states.Nuclear power development is at slower pace, which was introduced, in late sixties. The concept of operating power systems on a regional basis crossing the political boundar ies of states was introduced in the early sixties. In spite of the overall development that has taken place, the power supply industry has been under constant pressure to bridge the gap between supply and demand. Development of power sector Development of Power Sector is the key to the economic development. The power Sector has been receiving adequate priority ever since the process of planned development began in 1950. The Power Sector has been getting 18-20% of the total Public Sector outlay in initial plan periods. Remarkable growth and progress have led to extensive use of electricity in all the sectors of economy in the successive five years plans. Over the years (since 1950) the installed capacity of Power Plants (Utilities) has increased to 89090 MW (31.3.98) from meagre 1713 MW in 1950, registering a 52d fold increase in 48 years. Similarly, the electricity generation increased from about 5.1 billion units to 420 Billion units – 82 fold increase. The per capita consumption of electricity in the country also increased from 15 kWh in 1950 to about 338 kWh in 1997-98, which is about 23 times. In the field of Rural Electrification and pump set energisation, country has made a tremendous progress. About 85% of the villages have been electrified except far-flung areas in North Eastern states, where it is difficult to extend the grid supply. Structure of power sector after independence Till December 1950 about 37% of the installed capacity in the Utilities was in the public sector and about 63% was in the private sector. The Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 envisaged the generation, transmission and distribution of power almost exclusively in the public sector. As a result of this Resolution and facilitated by the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948, the electricity industry developed rapidly in the State Sector. In the Constitution of India â€Å"Electricity† is a subject that falls within the concurrent jurisdiction of the Centre and the States. The Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948, provides an elaborate institutional frame work and financing norms of the performance of the electricity industry in the country. The Act envisaged creation of State Electricity Boards (SEBs) for planning and implementing the power development programmes in their respective States. The Act also provided for creation of central generation companies for setting up and operating gene rating facilities in the Central Sector. The Central Electricity Authority constituted under the Act is responsible for power planning at the national level. In addition the Electricity (Supply) Act also allowed from the beginning the private licensees to distribute and/or generate electricity in the specified areas designated by the concerned State Government/SEB. During the post-independence period, the various States played a predominant role in the power development. Most of the States have established State Electricity Boards. In some of these States separate corporations have also been established to install and operate generation facilities. In the rest of the smaller States and UTs the power systems are managed and operated by the respective electricity departments. In a few States private licences are also operating in certain urban areas. From, the Fifth Plan onwards i.e. 1974-79, the Government of India got itself involved in a big way in the generation and bulk transmission of power to supplement the efforts at the State level and took upon itself the responsibility of setting up large power projects to develop the coal and hydroelectric resources in the country as a supplementary effort in meeting the country’s power requirements. The National thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) and National Hydro-electric Power Corporation (NHPC) were set up for these purposes in 1975. North-Eastern Electric Power Corporation (NEEPCO) was set up in 1976 to implement the regional power projects in the North-East. Subsequently two more power generation corporations were set up in 1988 viz. Tehri Hydro Development Corporation (THDC) and Nathpa Jhakri Power Corporation (NJPC). To construct, operate and maintain the inter-State and interregional transmission systems the National Power Transmission Corporation (NPTC) was set up in 1 989. The corporation was renamed as POWER GRID in 1992. Policy and regulatory framework The policy of liberalisation the Government of India announced in 1991 and consequent amendments in Electricity (Supply) Act have opened new vistas to involve private efforts and investments in electricity industry. Considerable emphasis has been placed on attracting private investment and the major policy changes have been announced by the Government in this regard which are enumerated below: The Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948 was amended in 1991 to provide for creation of private generating companies for setting up power generating facilities and selling the power in bulk to the grid or other persons. Financial Environment for private sector units modified to allow liberal capital structuring and an attractive return on investment. Up to hundred percent (100%) foreign equity participation can be permitted for projects set up by foreign private investors in the Indian Electricity Sector. Administrative Legal environment modified to simplify the procedures for clearances of the projects. Policy guidelines for private sector participation in the renovation modernisation of power plants issued in 1995. In 1995, the policy for Mega power projects of capacity 1000 MW or more and supplying power to more than one state introduced. The Mega projects to be set up in the regions having coal and hydel potential or in the coastal regions based on imported fuel. The Mega policy has since been refined and Power Trading Corporation (PTC) incorporated recently to promote and monitor the Mega Power Projects. PTC would purchase power from the Mega Private Projects and sell it to the identified SEBs. In 1995 GOI came out with liquid fuel policy permitting liquid fuel based power plants to achieve the quick capacity addition so as to avert a severe power crisis. Liquid fuel linkages (Naphtha) were approved for about 12000 MW Power plant capacity. The non-traditional fuels like condensate and orimulsion have also been permitted for power generation. GOI has promulgated Electricity Regulatory Commission Act, 1998 for setting up of Independent Regulatory bodies both at the Central level and at the State level viz. The Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) and the State Electricity Regulatory Commission (SERCs) at the Central and the State levels respectively. The main function of the CERC are to regulate the tariff of generating companies owned or controlled by the Central Government, to regulate the tariff of generating companies, other than those owned or controlled by the Central Government, if such generating companies enter into or otherwise have a composite scheme for generation and sale of electricity in more than one State to regulate the inter-state transmission of energy including tariff of the transmission utilities, to regulate inter-state bulk sale of power and to aid advise the Central Government in formulation of tariff policy. The CERC has been constituted on 24.7.1998. The main functions of the SERC would be to determine the tariff for electricity wholesale bulk, grid or retail, to determine the tariff payable for use by the transmission facilities to regulate power purchase and procurement process of transmission utilities and distribution utilities, to promote competition, efficiency and economy in the activities of the electricity industries etc. Subsequently, as and when each State Government notifies, other regulatory functions would also be assigned to SERCs. The Electricity Laws (Amendment) Act, 1998 passed with a view to make transmission as a separate activity for inviting greater participation in investment from public and private sectors. The participation by private sector in the area of transmission is proposed to be limited to construction and maintenance of transmission lines for operation under the supervision and control of Central Transmission Utility (CTU)/State Transmission Utility (STU). On selection of the private company, the CTU/STU would recommend to the CERC/SERC for issue of transmission licence to the private company. The Electricity Laws (Amendment) Act, 1998 provides for creation of Central and State Transmission utilities. The function of the Central Transmission Utility shall be to undertake transmission of energy through inter-state transmission system and discharge all functions of planning and coordination relating to inter-state transmission system with State Transmission Utilities, Central Government, State Governments, generating companies etc. Power Grid Corporation of India Limited will be Central Transmission Utility. The function of the State Transmission Utility shall be to undertake transmission of energy through intra-state transmission system and discharge all functions of planning and coordination relating to intra-state transmission system with Central Transmission Utility, State Governments, generating companies etc. The share of hydel generation in the total generating capacity of the country has declined from 34 per cent at the end of the Sixth Plan to 29 per cent at the end of the Seventh Plan and further to 25.5 per cent at the end of Eighth Plan. The share is likely to decline even further unless suitable corrective measures are initiated immediately. Hydel power projects, with storage facilities, provide peak time support to the power system. Inadequate hydel support in some of the regions is adversely affecting the performance of the thermal power plants. In Western and Eastern regions, peaking power is being provided by thermal plants, some of which have to back down during off peak hours. Installed capacity (Fuel wise) Growth of installed power generation capacity given below according to year and percentage of installed capacity growth. Table included conventional and non- conventional resource according to fossil fuel being used. In above figure growth of power sector shown which indicate periodical performance and fossil fuel being used in power generation. In year of 1947, when India got independence the generation capacity was only 1362 MW, in which coal based generation was high after that hydro took place because of absence of high technology and lack of infrastructure.   Problem with Indian Power sector Indian power sector facing lot of problem in all sub-sectors like Generation, transmission and distribution. After unbundling of power sector all those three sector get boosted due to appropriate funds provision by government. From stating of generation to ending of distribution, lack of skilled labour, management, asset management and infrastructure are responsible to low growth in power sector. Apart from technological and managerial in-efficiency few major issue given below some reason to sickness of power sector. Government giveaways such as free electricity for farmers, partly to curry political favour, have depleted the cash reserves of state-run electricity-distribution system. This has financially crippled the distribution network, and its ability to pay for power to meet the demand. This situation has been worsened by government departments of India that do not pay their bills. Shortages of fuel: despite abundant reserves of coal, India is facing a severe shortage of coal. The country isnt producing enough to feed its power plants. Some plants do not have reserve coal supplies to last a day of operations. Indias monopoly coal producer, state-controlled Coal India, is constrained by primitive mining techniques and is rife with theft and corruption; Coal India has consistently missed production targets and growth targets. Poor coal transport infrastructure has worsened these problems. To expand its coal production capacity, Coal India needs to mine new deposits. However, most of Indias coal lies under protected forests or designated tribal lands. Any mining activity or land acquisition for infrastructure in these coal-rich areas of India, has been rife with political demonstrations, social activism and public interest litigations. Poor pipeline connectivity and infrastructure to harness Indias abundant coal bed methane and shale gas potential. The giant new offshore natural gas field has delivered less fuel than projected. India faces a shortage of natural gas. Hydroelectric power projects in Indias mountainous north and north east regions have been slowed down by ecological, environmental and rehabilitation controversies, coupled with public interest litigations. Indias nuclear power generation potential has been stymied by political activism since the Fukushima disaster in Japan. Average transmission, distribution and consumer-level losses exceeding 30% which includes auxiliary power consumption of thermal power stations, fictitious electricity generation by wind generators independent power producers (IPPs), etc. Over 300million (300 million) people in India have no access to electricity. Of those who do, almost all find electricity supply intermittent and unreliable. Lack of clean and reliable energy sources such as electricity is, in part, causing about 800million (800 million) people in India to continue using traditional biomass energy sources – namely fuel wood, agricultural waste and livestock dung – for cooking and other domestic needs. Traditional fuel combustion is the primary source of indoor air pollution in India, causes between 300,000 to 400,000 deaths per year and other chronic health issues. Indias coal-fired, oil-fired and natural gas-fired thermal power plants are inefficient and offer significant potential for greenhouse gas (CO2) emission reduction through better technology. Compared to the average emissions from coal-fired, oil-fired and natural gas-fired thermal power plants in European Union (EU-27) countries, Indias thermal power plants emit 50% to 120% more CO2 per kWh produced. [1] indianpowersector.com/wpdummy/about/overview/

Cipd Level 3 4dep Avtivity 1 Essay

Activity 1 The CIPD HR Profession Map (HRPM) is a tool to assist HR practioners to assess what level they are working at â€Å"from band 1 at the start of an HR career through to band 4 for the most senior leaders† and to explore ways to develop their competencies to transition to the next level. The HRPM is divided into two groups – 10 professional areas and 8 behaviours – see the diagram below. The professional areas and behaviours are summarised below: Professional Areas| Strategies, Insights and Solutions| the HR practioner needs to have a deep understanding and insight of strategies and business activities. â€Å"This understanding – and resulting insights – allows us to create prioritised and situational HR strategies that make the most difference and build a compelling case for change†.| | Leading HR| describes how an HR professional must be able to lead themselves, others and activities to contribute to the overall business activities| | Service and delivery information| ensures that the delivery of HR services is accurate, timely and within budget| | Employee engagement| analyses the employee’s experience and creates opportunities for employee engagement which will have a beneficial effect on productivity, absenteeism, retention etc| | Employee relations| manages all relations with employees according to the organisations policies and procedures which are underpinned by relevant employment law | | Learning and talent development| aims to ensure that the workforce has the necessary skills to meet the short, medium and long term goals of the organisation| | Organisation design| ensures that the organisation is appropriately designed to deliver organisation objectives in the short and long-term and that structural change is effectively managed| | Organisation development| develops an organisation can develop its values and behaviours to match its culture and philosophy| | Performance and reward| ensure that reward packages, such as pension, bonuses etc maximise performance and retention within the workforce | | Resourcing and talent planning| provide a framework to recruit key people within legal parameters, and identify and develops high performers within an organisation | Behaviours| Curious| has an enquiring mind and looks for learning opportunities, both internally and  externally and who often asks for feedback on their performance| | Decisive thinker| is able to use pre vious experiences combined with current data and information, to make well measured discussions without always having to refer to a colleague or manager for advice| | Skilled influencer| influences across the organisation and its stakeholders â€Å"by using logical persuasion, backed by evidence to support their opinion or proposal†| | Personally credible| offers reliable and accurate advice and can remain impartial in sensitive situations| | Collaborative| works effectively on cross departmental and organisational projects, and readily shares knowledge and experiences to benefit the organisation| | Driven to deliver| consistently deliver objectives, within deadlines eg time and financial restraints| | Courage to challenge| Has the confidence to have courageous conversations when needed to challenge attitudes, behaviours and decisions| | Role model| recognises the values and behaviours of the organisation and encourages others to act within these standards| The activities and knowledge specified in the HR Profession Map for employee relations at Band 1 include: * â€Å"Monitor team performance against plans, recommending areas for improvement * Co-ordinate policy with others in the wider HR team, sharing ideas and best practices * Maintain relevant ER documentation, ensuring all contractual/legal documents are kept up to date and in line with current legislation * Implement guidelines on ER issues, ensuring that staff and managers receive updated policies and procedures * Inform and advise managers and staff about employee relations policies and practices * Give accurate and appropriate advice, training and support to managers who are managing difference and fair access to opportunities * Provide information to support managers who are resolving employee relation issues * Support managers in investigating and resolving employee relation issues, keeping accurate and appropriate records * Provide ad hoc reporting and trend analysis on ER issues * Manage and facilitate conflict situations to achieve consensus legally and ethically * Lead key negotiations with trade unions, works councils, employee forums, and so on, on a range of labour issues * Keep accurate records on health and safety compliance requirements† In my current role, employee relations plays a vital part of my roles and responsibilities,  particularly maintaining ER documentation to ensure compliance with employment law. Recently an ex-employee decided to challenge a decision about pay by means of an employment tribunal, so having the relevant ER documentation was imperative to defending the claim. Another key area is providing ad hoc and trend analysis on ER issues such as Bradford Factor reports to help Line Managers meet objectives for absence management targets. 788 words Bibliography Chartered Institute for Personnel and Development MEINTJES, R-S. (2010) Develop the Powers of Persuasion People Management ——————————————– [ 1 ]. CIPD HR Profession Map

Five Ways to Get Back on Track If You Lose Focus

The Problem Of Human Overpopulation - 1122 Words

Human overpopulation is mostly the most urgent environmental issues, the forces behind global warming , environmental pollution, habitat loss, the sixth mass extinction, intensive farming practices and the consumption of finite natural resources, such as fresh water, land and fossil fuels, at speeds faster than their rate of regeneration. however, ecological issues are just the beginning . Overpopulation is the state where the human population rises to an extent completing the carrying size of the ecological setting. It causes Depletion of Natural Resources ,Increased of Habitat Loss , Climate Change and Global Warming ,Loss of Biodiversity and Depreciation of Fresh Water. Lack of Development causes high poverty, high illiteracy, high†¦show more content†¦Please read what you wrote and rephrase. Who will have to solve this problem? The world population is growing at a rapid speed and while America may not yet feel the impact of the earth’s overpopulation, many other countries are losing resources and lack basic needs.We can stop overpopulation by seriously reducing births around the world. Increasing numbers of resource experts agree that in order to stop global overconsumption.In order to reduce the adverse impacts of overpopulation, mitigation measures, such as spreading awareness and education about overpopulation, enacting birth control measures and regulations, and providing universal access to birth control devices and family planning, must be taken. We must inspire humanity to reduce births below a certain average. will population decline What is the answer to this question? What caused the problem? Overpopulation is caused by number of factors.Increased humanity rate, better medical facilities, depletion of precious resources are few of the causes which results in overpopulation. It is possible for a poor populated area to become densely populated if it is not able to sustainShow MoreRelatedProblems Faced By Overpopulation And The Human Race Essay1375 Words   |  6 Pages Overpopulation, it is one of the biggest problems our society faces today, it has the potential to cause devastating effects to the earth and the human race. In 1978 Thomas Robert Malthus published a paper on population growth, it set a foundation for many arguments that are still being discussed to this day. The problems outlined by Malthus are still a major problem, along with an abundance of other overpopulation problems. To most of these problems there is a short-term solution, while good inRead MoreOverpopulation Is a Growing Problem Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesOverpopulation is a growing problem al l over the world. This is a very important environmental issue and needs to be dealt with. This environmental problem is affecting many countries in the world, but mostly the poor and impoverished countries that don’t have the resources to help deal with these issues. It also affects the environment like plants animal life and air quality. When the population of people expands we need more natural resources from the environment, so we consume more then we canRead MoreOverpopulation’s Effect on Environment Essay934 Words   |  4 Pagestoday’s society there are many economic problems, such as pollution, global warming, and overpopulation. These problems have taken a toll on the environment, and its resources. Although all of these issues have an impact on our society, overpopulation stands to have the greatest impact on our environment, due to the large masses of people and the limited resources. There are many solutions to this problem but the common factor is the human race. The human race has to put controls in place and takeRead MoreOverpopulation : We Must Figure It Out For Save The World Essay1645 Words   |  7 Pages Overpopulation: We Must Figure It Out to Save the World It may not be something you think about often, but human population growth is a big issue in our world today and this problem needs to be solved in the future to save our planet. Overpopulation is a condition that will be in effect if the population exceeds the carrying capacity on Earth. The carrying capacity is the peak population that can sustain human life on Earth. It is uncertain what Earth’s carrying capacity is for the human raceRead MoreOverpopulation1587 Words   |  7 Pagesbelieve that it will lead to the downfall of the human race, while others think it is beneficial to continue on this path. The ongoing debate on world overpopulation allows many different people to offer their unique opinions, such as Erle C. Ellis, Joel Kotkin, Robert Walker, and Alon Tal. These writers offer perspectives that support and conflict the different aspects of the overpopulation issue. Both Ellis and Kotkin believe that overpopulation is not an issue, while Walker and Tal strongly believeRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Overpopulation1073 Words   |  5 PagesWhat are the effects of overpopulation? Overpopulation is an undesirable condition where the number of existing people on earth exceeds the carrying capacity of the earth. However, overpopulation has not always been a problem. At the dawn of agriculture, 8000 B.C., the population was approximately 5 million. 8000 years later, 1 A.D., the number of people existing on earth was between 200-300 million. That’s a growth rate under 0,05% per year. A tremendous change occurred with the industrial revolutionRead MoreOverpopulation Is Not An Issue1357 Words   |  6 PagesOverpopulation is not an issue many people in developing countries face at this point in time. Put simply, overpopulation is â€Å"the condition of having a population so dense that it causes environmental deterioration, an impaired quality of life, or a population crash† (Merriam-Webster). It should not be taken lightly because it cannot be reversed in a short time period. Changes must be made gradually so that future generations do not suffer consequences that current generations have place uponRead MoreOverpopulation Is A Social Science1492 Words   |  6 PagesCaloia, Angela Mr.Beck Geography 9 February 9 2016 Overpopulation is Overhyped Overpopulation has made headlines through the decades, advertised as one of the most pressing global issues future generations will have to confront, scientists stating that we as humans are undermining the life support system that sustains up. This, however, is untrue. Overpopulation defines a situation where the number of people exhaust the resources such that it can no longerRead MoreOverpopulation Is A Serious Problem1442 Words   |  6 Pagesto the entire world is overpopulation. Overpopulation is a serious problem that is having an extreme effect on the health of every citizen of every country. The problems caused by overpopulation could even prove to be a fatal epidemic to the human population. Oftentimes overpopulation is overlooked due to a lack of knowledge or simply because many government officials have dismissed overpopulation and call it a myth. Overpopulation is an enormous and serious global problem that needs to be takenRead MoreOverpopulation Is Not The Problem1395 Words   |  6 Pages Overpopulation Overpopulation is a prominent controversial topic among society, in which some believe the exponential growth of humanity is detrimental to its future, whereas others conclude this theory is a myth due to human nature and resources. In Isaac Asimov’s, â€Å"The Case Against Man†, he elucidated the verity of overpopulation, emphasizing that the disproportion of earth’s carrying capacity and its resources will inevitably lead to humanity’s demise. Introducing the notion that

Kate Chopin s The Awakening - 1704 Words

Zenab Qureshy Professor Ormsbee AMS 1B – 10/11 30 September 2015 Seminar Essay 1 (Topic #4) The relationship between the individual – the personal, intimate, and internal – and American society – the cultural, institutional, and legal – forges a conflicting war within individual souls. Kate Chopin, W.E.B. Du Bois, and Langston Hughes prompt their readers to analyze the individual costs – the emotional impacts of dominating social and cultural forces. American society, despite habitually being disguised as a detachment from individual lives, sways American individuals through its cultural and political flaws. Kate Chopin’s The Awakening explores the effects societal conventions had on women by narrating a tale of how a woman’s pursuit of independence, her sexual identity, and self-expression leads to her solitude and eventual death. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, women weren’t expected to be anything else besides a pious wife and mother. They endured male dominance, a lack of i ndependence, and the nonexistence of their sexual freedom. Due to this sad reality, Chopin decided to write a book that confronted these ideas by portraying an unromantic marriage with a woman who challenges the expectations of females during that time. During the beginning of the novel, Edna lived passively within the cult of domesticity. She did what she was expected to do; however, the more she questioned her life, the more she realized her own desires and identity. â€Å"At a veryShow MoreRelatedKate Chopin s The Awakening935 Words   |  4 PagesKate Chopin’s â€Å"The Awakening† can arguably be considered a feminist piece, but regardless of whether it is or not, the short story unmistakably describes how life was for women in the late 1800’s. Her story is a great example of the sexist views of the time and existing social roles for each gender. The literature includes a large interplay between society and gender roles, which affected the reader’s response to the plot and other literary devices such as imagery back then and even today. ChopinRead MoreKate Chopin s The Awakening1553 Words   |  7 Pagesare evident throughout The Awakening by Kate Chopin. Chopin uses contrasting characters such as Edna Pontellier and Adele Ratignolle to further embody the differing aspects of feminism. Adele Ratignolle represents the ideal woman of the time period, a mindless housewife working to serve her family, whereas Edna signifies an independent and daring woman who does not conform to society’s beliefs. These two women’s differing characteristics and personalities allow Chopin to further compare and contrastRead MoreKate Chopin s The Awakening1497 Words   |  6 PagesEdna Proves that Society Does Not Control Her In Kate Chopin s novella, the awakening, Chopin portrays a story of how the protagonist, Edna Pontellier, undergoes a realization that she has been dumbfounded by the way society assert roles for women. Mrs. Pontellier s awakening stirs up issues in her marriage with her husband. For Mr. Pontellier does not understand why his wife is acting different as someone who does not share the values and duties that society withholds women to. Edna even fallsRead MoreKate Chopin s The Awakening Essay1450 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The beginning of things, of a world especially, is necessarily vague, tangled, chaotic, and exceedingly disturbing† (Chopin 67). Change: the most frightening word in the English language; it has never came quickly, never came easily, never come without casualties. Throughout history, countless revolutions have fought with blood, sweat, and tears for the acceptance of new ideas to foster change within mainstream culture. Naturally, there is always a resilient resistance to revolution, the norm thatRead MoreKate Chopin s The Awakening1875 Words   |  8 Pageswomen s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men.† The Awakening, by Kate Chopin, was written in 1890 during the height of the women s suffrage movement, and essentially the public felt that the author â€Å"went too far† due to â€Å"the sensuality† of the protagonist (Toth 1). The â€Å"male gatekeepers† that scrutinized her work saw her piece as a statement that â€Å"the husband is a drag†, and that traditional American values should be forgotten (Toth 1). In truth, Chopin did notRead MoreKate Chopin s The Awakening2531 Words   |  11 PagesDress to Impress Kate Chopin’s novel, The Awakening depicts sexual affairs, inner struggles, and the conquest of motherhood that most women face today. The conquest of motherhood involves the battle between being a supportive wife and selfless mother. The story revolves around the characters’ dialogue and appearances described beautifully throughout the novel by Kate Chopin. The story is a familiar one that, sadly, most women can relate to: A woman is married without knowing what true love is. HerRead MoreKate Chopin s The Awakening1685 Words   |  7 Pagesconforms, the inward life which questions† (Chopin 18). The Victorian Era created a clear distinguishment between male and female roles in society, where women were expected to behave feminine-like, be responsible for domestic duties and have little involvement in society. This created a heavy oppression upon females and as a result forced many of them to remain entrapped in a male dominant society, in fear of being outcasted . In the novel The Awakening, Kate Chopin depicts how Edna’s defiance of VictorianRead MoreKate Chopin s The Awakening1981 Words   |  8 Pagesthe 1800s The Awakening by Kate Chopin published in 1899 is a novel that can teach the true meaning of family, the importance of friendship, and the value of independence. Chopin teaches the true meaning of family by showing how Edna receives no support from her own family and struggles to succeed without them. Chopin shows the importance of friendship when Edna has no one by her side until she meets a woman named Adele and a man named Robert. The primary area that Chopin focuses on is the satisfactionRead MoreKate Chopin s The Awakening1198 Words   |  5 Pageswoman’s freedom is the driving force behind Kate Chopin’s contextual objections to propriety. In particular, The Awakening and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† explore the lives of women seeking marital liberation and individuality. Mrs. Chopin, who was raised in a matriarchal household, expresses her opposition to the nineteenth century patriarchal society while using her personal experiences to exemplify her fe minist views. Katherine O’Flaherty, later Kate Chopin, was born to Eliza and Thomas O’FlahertyRead MoreKate Chopin s The Awakening1870 Words   |  8 Pagessymbolizes the Marxist cause. A multitude books throughout history and the current day are representing the groundbreaking thoughts of Marxism, and they help to demonstrate how vile Capitalism truly is. In Kate Chopin’s The Awakening there lie countless subtleties of Marxism and its standards. Chopin skillfully injects the ideals into the novel through characters’ actions and behaviors. Three characters in particular represent the evils of Capitalism in the teachings of Marxist, and those characters

Scholarly Articles on Leadership Free Essays

Scholarly Articles 1 by EDD 9100 CRN 35455 Leadership Seminar Nova Southeastern University February 4, 2012 Scholarly Articles 1 According to the authors of this article (Donaldson, Marnik, Mackenzie, Ackerman, 2009), principals need to concentrate on the development of skills and behaviors in order to be successful in motivating, leading, and changing the direction of a school. The successful principal understands that there exists a fine balance of caring for others and the need to accomplish specific tasks (Donaldson, Marnik, Mackenzie, Ackerman, 2009). The following areas are targeted in this article: the need to become an effective consultant, the need to become a mediator and consensus builder, the need to become an individual that values relationships and to step back and reconnect on a regular basis to their core beliefs and values (Donaldson, Marnik, Mackenzie, Ackerman, 2009). We will write a custom essay sample on Scholarly Articles on Leadership or any similar topic only for you Order Now Interwoven through all areas is the need to realize that it takes time to develop the skills needed, experience being the best teacher of what works (Donaldson, Marnik, Mackenzie, Ackerman, 2009). The underlying theme throughout the article is one of a need for open communication combined with a balanced and caring attitude towards staff. On the topic of becoming an effective consultant within their school it is pointed out that principals need to be less directive and more collaborative in their push towards improvement and the use of best practice in the classroom (Donaldson, Marnik, Mackenzie, Ackerman, 2009). It is of rimary importance that they possess the ability to listen to the stakeholders and assist in the translation of concerns into practice (Donaldson, Marnik, Mackenzie, Ackerman, 2009). In order to be able to effectively fill the role of consultant within their school principals need to possess a reasonable level of understanding of educational pedagogy and curriculum; and possess a skill set combining the ability to problem solve, actively listen, and support (Donaldson, Marnik, Mackenzie, Ackerman, 2009). In terms of becoming a mediator and consensus builder the authors detailed the need for principals to possess relational leadership skills in order to be able to both facilitate groups and coach others on staff in the ability to facilitate their own groups, and stressed that the key to this is the ability to effectively participate in conflict resolution (Donaldson, Marnik, Mackenzie, Ackerman, 2009). The authors suggested that conflict is part and parcel of school reform and that in addition to being able to deal effectively with conflict the successful principal needs to develop the ability for bringing about consensus within the group, noting that interpersonal and intrapersonal skills were as much or more important than knowledge (Donaldson, Marnik, Mackenzie, Ackerman, 2009). In the area of relationships it was noted that principals that are most effective are those that place high value on people and relationships and that when this exists as a core part of the belief system of the principal it is noticeable and is communicated to staff in both subtle and explicit ways (Donaldson, Marnik, Mackenzie, Ackerman, 2009). According to the authors this sense of value comes through in all of the dealings that the principal has with stakeholders (Donaldson, Marnik, Mackenzie, Ackerman, 2009). It shows in body language, expression, communication, tone and innumerable other subtle signals that help to set the tone of the school’s culture (Donaldson, Marnik, Mackenzie, Ackerman, 2009). Key to this being successfully implemented is for the principal to consciously think through a personal rationale that balances responsibilities and relationships (Donaldson, Marnik, Mackenzie, Ackerman, 2009). Principals need to occasionally stepping back to reconnect to their core values in order to maintain the balance needed to effectively lead (Donaldson, Marnik, Mackenzie, Ackerman, 2009). It was noted that in all areas of the development process is the need to understand that these skills and beliefs come about over time. The truly effective principal is able uses past experiences to help hone and define these skills and beliefs to bring about change, growth and effective overall leadership (Donaldson, Marnik, Mackenzie, Ackerman, 2009). The effective principal never stops learning from these day to day and year to year experiences and continues to hone and refine based upon them (Donaldson, Marnik, Mackenzie, Ackerman, 2009). In the writer’s opinion it would greatly assist in the growth, development, morale and overall job satisfaction for the organization if the current leadership of which the writer is a member, were to possess the skills and beliefs noted in the article. This would most likely require training, coaching or the reassignment or hiring of new personnel for leadership positions in order to develop the capacity to exhibit a balance between the valuing of individuals and relationships, the need to and responsibilities of the position, and the skill set of effective collaboration, mediation, and consensus building. A leadership team that operates following these principals fosters a sense of openness, consistency and fairness among stakeholders (Donaldson, Marnik, Mackenzie, Ackerman, 2009). When this exists, staff feels secure. When staff feels secure it becomes more willing to step out and suggest or embrace change for the growth, development, and betterment of the organization. References Donaldson,G. , Marnik, G. , Mackenzie, S. , Ackerman, R. (2009). What makes or breaks a principal. Educational Leadership, 67 (2), 8-14. How to cite Scholarly Articles on Leadership, Essay examples

Designing and Realizing Problematic Internet †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Designing and Realizing Problematic Internet. Answer: Introduction: Internet is the global set of networks that are interconnected by the use of Internet Protocol Suite for the purpose of linking devices present around the world. Internet acts as a wide platform for providing different informations. mostly everyone in this world uses the internet for different purposes like gaming, chatting, messaging, file sharing and many more. There is no centralized governance over the internet in technological implementations along with the policies for access and usage. Internet called also be termed as net which is a worldwide system of computer networks that is used by individuals to get information about something by the use of an electronic devices by mobile, computer, tablets and many more (Spada 2014). With the advancement in technology the internet has also developed making the lives of people much easier like instant email service instead of the conventional postal service system. Many social networking sites has also been formed like Facebook, WhatsApp , Twitter and many more which has helped in bringing people much closer. World Wide Web or WWW is one of the important feature of internet which consists of hypertext that refers to the method of cross referencing. This report mainly focuses on the way how the internet is used and the process involves looking into the background history of internet. Along with this the report also discusses about the internet working as a surveillance machine and how it works as a public sphere (Andersson and Nickolai 2014). This report as briefs about the effects of the internet which includes the undervaluing of the personal details to a ridiculous level in the social media. The discussion has been briefly discussed by the use of suitable examples. Accessing the internet is possible in a variety of ways. The hustle of going to crowded places like malls, markets has been greatly decreased due to development of online stores which makes use of the internet. Internet is not owned by a single individu al or an organisation. Internet totally depends on the physical infrastructure which helps in connecting networks to other networks Management. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)/IP (Internet Protocol) protocol is an essential feature of the internet. Internet helps in allowing the devices to send, receive, interpret and describe any type of data in an electronic form over the network. TCP is used for the purpose of breaking down of each piece of data into the form of smaller packages (Leamer, Edward and Michael 2014). Whereas, the IP is totally responsible for ensuring the travelling of data from the source to the destination by travelling through a number of routers. The devices that are connected to the network has a unique IP address which has a range from 0 to 255 and it is in the form of nnn.nnn.nnn.nnn where the n is representing the numbers which is in between the stated range. In cases if the devices are connected to the internet by the use of the Internet Service Provider or ISP then what the ISP do is it assigns the device with a temporary IP address which last as long as the dial-up session is running. And for t he devices that are connected by the LAN have a permanent IP address. Almost every computer is connected on the net doing various works (Berthon 2012). There are different types of server in the internet like the mail server which hold the peoples mail, computer holding ordinary data are called file servers and many more. The computers are referred to as clients if they make use of the servers. This can be simply explained by the use of a suitable example that is when a mail server is being connected to access the mails by the use of ISP then the computer is identified as the client whereas the ISP is referred to as the server. In the year of 1844 Samuel Morse was the first person to transmit an electronic message which initially lead to the beginning of sending messages in any part of the world within a fraction of time management. TCP/IP acts as the fundamental control system of the internet (Milinovich et al. 2014). In the world of internet, the word protocol is used which simply refers to the doing of different things in a standard way. There are two ways of moving data in the internet and this includes circuit switching and packet switching. The basic functioning of the internet can be divided into three parts and they are: Web access: This is the basic way in which we are able to see the contents in the internet. Internet can be accessed by the use phone lines or modems. These devices help the user to connect to the internet and after the connection is created the users are able to send or receive mails, browse the internet and many more (Velasco et al. 2014). Web Sites: Web Sites are the main components that we see on the internet. Different websites consist of different types of informations about different things like a business, a person and many more. Internet is an endless resource for informations (Alsmirat et al. 2017). E-commerce: E-commerce generally refers to the selling or buying of products on different websites. The sales process is totally automated in the internet. Each and every individual customer are able to see the products of the company along with different modes of selection. After selection comes the payment in which the customers are provided with a facility of online payment which is also automated (Muessig 2015). World Wide Web: World Wide Web or www is a space for the information in which identification of the documents and other web sources are done by the Uniform Resource Locators and this locater are interlinked with the hypertext links which can be easily accessed by the internet. WWW acts as the central portion for the development of the age of information. This is also the primary tool that helps in the interaction of the billions of peoples using the internet (Ionescu and Raul 2012). Webpages mainly represents the formatted text documents which are annotated with the Hypertext Markup Language or HTML. Embedded hyperlinks present in the Internet helps the users to navigate between different web pages. One of the main components in internet are the websites which are mainly made up of web pages with different or common themes or a common domain name or both of this. The main components which make up the World Wide Web are listed below: Hypertext: This are the texts which are displayed on the displays of any digital devices which are related to the different texts that can be accessed by the user immediately. Identifiers of resources: Particular resources are provided with a unique identifier so as to locate them easily on the networks and this are commonly termed as URL or URI. The client server model of computing: This is the type of system used by the client software or client computer for the purpose of making requests for the server software or a server computer so as to provide the clients with a resource or a service. Markup language: This are the characters or codes that are embedded in a text for the purpose of indicating a structure, semantic meaning or an advice to a presentation. Internet functioning as the nearest thing to a perfect surveillance machine: Along with the advancement in technology the world of communication has also changed. With the invention of new technologies like the telegraph, radio, telephone and many more has set a stage for the integration of capabilities that has been never seen before. Internet is nothing but a world-wide broadcasting mechanism used for the purpose of spreading different informations. (Marwick and Danah 2014) besides this internet also acts as a medium for communication which helps in connecting peoples without considering the geographical location of the individuals. Internet can act as a perfect surveillance machine besides that it also effects the privacy of an individual. Surveillance refers to the close observation on the activities of an individual person or a group. Relation of surveillance with the use of internet or any type of computer network by monitoring the computer activities and the data that are being stored on the hard drives of the computer. It also refers to the monitoring of the data that are being transferred over the network. It can be seen that most of the people who uses the internet are unaware of the surveillance and they do not care about it also. Almost every activity on the internet are monitored for the purpose of identifying any type of illegal activities and for this purpose many computer and network surveillance programs has been developed. Privacy can be defined in simple words as the right of someone to be left alone or free from any type of monitoring or surveillance. With independence on what someone is doing on internet there are also many risks because of the reason that internet can be accessed by anyone making internet a dangerous place (Snchez, Avner and Alissa 2012). Every user in the internet should be aware of the things they are dealing with on internet because their carelessness can cause a great amount (Madejski, Maritza and Steven 2012) of problem and can be advantageous for cyber criminals, bullies, and corrupt businesses. Most important threats related to internet privacy are: Identity thieves: This refers to the stealing of an identity of a user for the purpose of hacking. What the hackers do is they make use of all the informations of an individual thereby ruining their bank accounts and their credit ratings. Malwares: Malware or malicious softwares are those which are used for the purpose of describing any type of softwares that are responsible for the damage of a single system or a number of systems. This types of malwares includes Trojan horses, viruses, and many more. Spyware: This type of software refers to that softwares that are used for the purpose of obtaining information from the system of a user without (Wagner, Andrea and Andreas 2014) any knowledge of the user. Web bugs: This are the objects that are embedded on the webpage or email for the purpose of checking whoever is using the webpage or the email. This type of bugs is generally invisible. Phishing: This is another process of using of using the information of the user for the purpose of creating problems and to use the details in illegal activities. Internet functioning as a public sphere: The research conducted on the habits of the people using computer and internet has shown that the cultural spaces are much more easily occupied by the internet. Besides acting as a place for providing necessary informations internet also acts a place where people are able to share their ideas, opinions and many more (Bambauer and Derek 2017). Initially this public sphere will help in creating a new community on the internet. According to German sociologist Jrgen Habermas or father of public sphere described it as an arena, independent of government (even if in recite of state funds) and also enjoying autonomy from partisan economic forces, which is dedicated to rational debate (to debate or discuss which is not interest, disguised, or manipulated) and which is both accessible to entry and open to inspection by the citizenry. It is here in the public sphere, that public opinion is formed on his book named as The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Categor y of Bourgeois Society. Use of internet by people for different purposes has given rise to the question if the internet has become a public sphere or not (Kellner 2014). According to Haberman public sphere is a basic functional principle in a democratic society and mainly refers to the ideal of democratic communication. The following principles are followed by public sphere: People can take part in public debates which are free and anyone can take part in it The peoples or the participants of the debate are considered to be equal. None of the subjects or topics are excluded from the debate. The results of the public debates are dependent on the types of arguments that are made. Internet acts an important media which allows equal opportunities for every participant to share information. This makes internet an important mass medium with no limitations imposed by any other type of mass media (Huws 2013). Internet acts a much flexible medium for the purpose of fostering public discourse on a larger variety which issues that are related to the good of the common peoples. The main reason for the establishment of internet was to act as a cooperative, non-hierarchical system of communication so as to facilitate the sharing of the informations between an individual or a group of individuals (Gettys and Kathleen 2012). Along with this internet also has the capability of supporting different types of multimedia communications making it an interactive medium for almost every people. The development of internet along with its growing popularity has made people turn towards online media. Most of the contents in the internet are free of cost making it more demanding than the traditional medias (Cotten et al. 2012). During the process of getting news or any information from the internet people can also ask questions, give comments, ask questions and even can express their opinion. Along with this people can take part in debates, communicate with other peoples, making internet much more appealing to the people. All the criteria of social networking are meet (Fuchs et al. 2013). Internet and web services: Internet acts as a medium for providing of informations from different parts of the world. Internet makes the availability of various data from emails, instant chat and many more very easily. A revolution has been brought in the world of communication by the internet. Along with this internet also has a great contribution towards the sharing of information. Due to easy availability of internet in free or a very cheap rate has greatly helped in increasing (Anderson et al. 2012) the interaction between peoples. The web is mainly designed for the purpose of sharing or exchanging of unstructured informations. Besides that, people are able to read the contents present on various webpages and are able to understand their meanings but the computers are unable are do so. In cases when an organisation wants to conduct their business using the internet then it becomes mandatory for the humans to get involved in it due to the lack of understanding by the computers. Some of the important that ar e played by the web services present in the internet are listed below: In todays world a complementary and dominant role is played by the web services in building of the global information system. Being self-contained, modular application web services can be described and published along with locating it and invoking it over a network. By the use of raging from any type of simple requests to complicated business processes is performed by the web services. For the purpose of leverage, the advantages associated with the use of web as a platform for applying it in the services itself and not only for the static information the idea of web service is used. The services provided by the web are referred to as the components and the services that are offered for the purpose of using it in building of larger service applications. The making of service based architecture without the applications being locked-in to a particular software vendor product is done by the web services. A strong return is provided to the investors and it has been proven by the web services. Along with this making computer based systems to become more adaptable has been done by the web services. The web based services also brings more flexibility, productivity and low maintenance cost for the purpose of developing (Epstein 2013) the information system using integrin components from the various products of the third party vendor. Email is one of the popular applications of internet. This is an application which is used by over 90% of the internet users. Email or electronic mail is a process which involves the sharing of messages between two individuals (Livingstone, Leslie and Anke 2012) or by two organisations for the purpose of communicating. Email can be accessed by the use of the internet. Inter also acts as a medium for entertainment. People are able to watch videos, films and are also provided with the facility of listening to songs and play games (Trossen and George 2012). There are many online games which work with the help of internet and these types of games are very much eye catching for different users. Conclusion: The evolution of technology has also resulted in the development of the internet. Along with the evolution of the internet various methods have been developed by the researchers for the purpose of using the internet and using it on a worldwide basis. A great revolution has been brought by Internet in the field of the global market along with this internet the productivity of the technology is also increased in the field of communication. In addition to this internet has also effected the educational, commercial, personal and governmental fields. Along with the advantages of the internet it also has some disadvantages like the internet frauds, transmitting of the items that are illegal, and also harassments. There are certain technologies which are responsible for the advancement and plays a very important role. The advancement in the internet has dazzled the consumers and helped a lot in overcoming many challenges. Another important aspect of internet is privacy. Privacy is a very im portant factor in internet as there are various applications, services, scams and viruses that are present on the internet and are waiting for any chance of stealing of personal data. By the use of certain softwares and by taking certain measures the people can make their data safe and will be able to make it difficult for the cybercriminals to steal their data as well. internet has greatly helped in the increase of communication between businesses as well as business but it also has given rise to multiple problems. Internet has greatly helped in gaining knowledge by the students on various topics along with this internet can also be used by the individuals for the purpose of finding jobs and the employers can also use the internet to select the candidates. Use of internet by the cyber criminals is also common in todays world. Internet has favoured the growth of various social media where people are putting their personal data, their views, their prospective and many more. Internet provides a wide platform for connecting peoples from different locations irrespective of the caste religion and many more aspects. 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